Samuel Morse Patented the Telegraph — and Abolished Distance

US1647 was granted to Samuel F. B. Morse on June 20, 1840. Its title is a mouthful, in the manner of the era: "Improvement in the Mode of Communicating Information by Signals by the Application of Electro-Magnetism." It is the founding patent of the electric telegraph in America, and it marks one of the genuine hinge points in human history: the moment communication became faster than travel.

For all of history before the telegraph, information moved at the speed of the fastest available transportation. A message could go no quicker than the horse, ship, train, or runner carrying it. News of a battle, a birth, a market price, or a death arrived days, weeks, or months after the fact, and the map of the world was, in an informational sense, enormous — every place was far from every other place, measured in the time it took word to travel.

The system

Morse — a portrait painter by profession, who came to invention relatively late and partly through personal tragedy, having learned of his wife's death too slowly to reach her before she was buried — worked out a system with the help of the chemistry professor Leonard Gale and the young machinist Alfred Vail, building on electromagnet research by the physicist Joseph Henry. An electric current sent down a wire could be switched on and off at one end and detected instantly at the other. By encoding letters as patterns of short and long pulses — the code that still bears his name — an operator could spell out any message and have it received, essentially instantaneously, hundreds of miles away.

The famous public demonstration came in 1844, when Morse sent a message over an experimental line from Washington, D.C., to Baltimore. The words, from the Book of Numbers, were chosen by Annie Ellsworth, the young daughter of the Commissioner of Patents, who had championed the invention. They were fitting for a man who saw it as almost providential: "What hath God wrought."

What it changed

The telegraph spread across the United States and the world with astonishing speed. Within a couple of decades, wires connected the coasts; in 1866, after several heartbreaking failures, a cable was successfully laid across the floor of the Atlantic Ocean, connecting North America and Europe. A message that had taken ten days by fast ship now took minutes.

The consequences rippled through everything. Financial markets in distant cities synchronized their prices for the first time. Railroads used the telegraph to coordinate trains and prevent collisions. Newspapers built wire services and could report events from across the continent the next morning. Weather warnings could outrun the storms they described. Governments could govern, and armies could be commanded, across distances that had previously swallowed any attempt at real-time control.

Morse's patent made him wealthy and, after the usual grinding years of litigation to defend it, ending at the Supreme Court in the 1850s, secure. But the deeper legacy is conceptual. Every communication technology since — the telephone, radio, television, the internet — is a descendant of the basic thing Morse proved in 1844: that information could be separated from the physical object carrying it and sent at the speed of electricity. The world has been shrinking ever since.

See the original

The full text and figures of US1647 are on Google Patents.